![]() If you did not purchase Chrome upgrades, see the Chromebook support options for consumers. Receive updates on an issue by clicking the star next to the issue ID number. Find answers to your buying, selling and account questions, or contact us for more help. Just state your problem and in 24 hours its done. Facebook people fixed problems and you didnt have to wait. Check the known enterprise issues list to see if Google is already addressing your issue. Holding for a half hour to talk to someone that is reading a script to you.eBay's website also has dozens of articles that offer solutions to common issues you might. Try to capture logs while reproducing a browser issue. If you've been the victim of an eBay scam, you can call their fraud assistance team at 1-86.Bronx Bronx Code Enforcement Service Center 1932 Arthur Avenue, 3rd. Try to diagnose the device's issue by collecting logs and using Log Analyzer. Phone Number: (212) 863-8100 Business Hours: Monday - Friday: 9 AM - 4 PM. ![]() You can also Learn more about the Support Center. To manage your organization's support cases online, you can open a support case in the Google Cloud Support Center. Click Get Pin.įor hours of operation and supported language by country, see Google Workspace & Cloud Identity language support and hours of operation. eBay UK address, eBay phone numbers, customer care service phone numbers, eBay email, Online Deals & Offers, track item. Before you dial the number, please make sure you have your PIN ready.įind your support PIN in the Google Admin console under Support > Contact support > Chrome browser and devices > Phone. ![]() Phone support is available for customers who have purchased upgrades for Chrome Services or who have a Google Workspace support PIN. Email me about updates Report conversation as inappropriate. See What's supported? for a detailed list of what we support. eBay live chat customer support is awesome in Yelper Shout-Outs.
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11/20/2023 0 Comments Sparkle cast 1976 soundtrack song list![]() McKee benefitted the most from Sparkle as reviewers singled out her vibrant performance, and she became an idol for a generation of African American girls. Levi is portrayed by Dorian Harewood, who went on to a successful career as a character actor in film and television, including Stanley Kubrick's Full Metal Jacket (1987). Stix is played by Philip Michael Thomas, who would become a major television star as Ricardo Tubbs on Miami Vice. Sparkle was her second feature film, preceding her breakthrough performance in Fame by four years. Cara was only 16 when she costarred in Sparkle, but she had already been performing on Broadway and on television for nine years. Sparkle boasts a notable cast of newcomers, who would go on to wider fame, as well as bit players who were veterans of black entertainment circuits from an earlier era. Dwan Smith costars as Delores, who becomes more interested in racial issues and politics than singing, while a teenage Irene Cara plays the title character who is destined to be the biggest star. Lonette McKee stars as Sister Williams, a beautiful, self-assured woman who falls under the sway of a smooth-talking rogue who leads her into drugs. They quickly become a sensation in the local club scene, but the sisters display disparate personalities, creating a stumbling block to fame and fortune. ![]() The trio are managed by two young men from the neighborhood, Stix and Levi. In Sparkle, three Harlem sisters-Sister, Delores and Sparkle Williams-form a singing group in dubbed Sister & the Sisters. Along the way, a diva emerges from the group while the others fall prey to the temptations of men and drugs. The essential ingredients for such a tale includes their management by a Svengali-like male, who must contend with clashing egos and a merciless music business. The success stories of these all-female singing groups were told and retold in publicity, biographies and promotional materials until an archetypal tale emerged that seemed to describe the path to success for all of them. But, before Dreamgirls, there was Sparkle, a 1976 musical starring Irene Cara, Lonette McKee and Dwan Smith, which was a precursor and maybe influence on the more well-known play and film.īoth Dreamgirls and Sparkle follow a dramatic arc familiar to a generation who grew up with the actual girl groups of the 1960s, specifically the Supremes. Most would identify this as the plot to the 1981 Broadway musical Dreamgirls and its 2006 film adaptation. As they work their way toward success, they find the road to stardom is paved with heartache, temptations and disappointments. ![]() Full tracklist below along with a sample of “Celebrate.In the late 1950s, three talented female singers from the inner city form a girl group. ![]() The soundtrack will hit stores on July 31st with the movie arriving in theaters on August 17th. “Celebrate” and “His Eye Is On The Sparrow” will serve as the first two soundtrack singles which will definitely help get the word out. Kelly) - along with tracks from Jordin Sparks (of course) and Cee Lo Green. The upcoming disc will be notable for featuring the final recorded performances from the late music icon Whitney Houston - gospel standard “His Eye Is On The Sparrow” and “Celebrate” (produced by R. And it certainly won’t hurt having a start studded soundtrack. Williams, Carmen Ejogo, Tika Sumpter, Derek Luke, Mike Epps, Omari Hardwick and the late Whitney Houston in a music heavy remake of the 1976 film of the same name, you can bet the filmmakers behind this are hoping the same audience that turned “ Think Like A Man” into a sleeper hit show up for this next month. Led by “ American Idol” winner Jordin Sparks with an the ensemble cast that includes Michael K. 11/20/2023 0 Comments Stars and stripes betta![]() Not enough hiding placesīetta fish thrive in environments that mimic the shallow ponds where they originate. The betta fish comes from shallow bodies of water like ponds, so small tanks will make them sick and stressed. If you want to see a happy betta, keep it in a large tank that holds at least 10 gallons of water. Many first-time betta fish owners make the mistake of keeping their betta fish in a small tank, like a bowl. It’s important to ensure that the tank is set up correctly with adequate filtration, appropriate water conditions, and plenty of hiding places. However, it’s not typically a serious concern, as the stress stripes should disappear once the fish has had time to settle into its new aquarium. This is a normal response to the sudden change in environment that the fish has undergone. If you’ve recently brought a betta fish home from a pet store, you might notice stress stripes on its body within the first few days. Here are the most common reasons your betta fish might be feeling stressed out: You’ve recently transferred your betta fish into a new tank What causes betta fish stress stripes?īettas are prone to stress luckily, it’s relatively easy to identify what is stressing your betta fish out and help the mheal. As a result, when these cells expand and darken, it creates the appearance of horizontal stripes on the body of the fish. Melanin is responsible for the coloration of a fish’s skin, scales, and fins. When a betta fish is stressed, their body releases hormones that trigger the expansion and darkening of melanin cells. They can be seen on both male and female bettas and vary in color from light to dark. ![]() Stress stripes may not appear on the fish’s entire body and can be limited to specific areas such as the tail or fins. These stripes are horizontal and appear suddenly on the body of the betta fish. The difference between stress stripes and breeding stripesīetta fish stress stripes occur when betta fish experience stress or illness.Your tank has the wrong water parameters.The water temperature is wrong or inconsistent.Your betta fish doesn’t like its tank mates.You’ve recently transferred your betta fish into a new tank. 11/20/2023 0 Comments Subliminal weight loss while you sleep![]() How To Make Weight Loss Subliminals Work Faster?.How Long Do Weight Loss Sublimnals Take To Work?.The Benefits of Weight Loss Subliminals.Can You Lose Weight Listening to Subliminals Without Exercise or Diet?.What Are Weight Loss Subliminal Messages?.Listening to 90-minutes of weight loss subliminals as you sleep will reprogram your subconscious mind, and you will find your motivation, enthusiasm, energy, and expectations of becoming your ideal weight rapidly increase. However, if you choose the right subliminal affirmations, you can expect your weight loss journey to be far easier than if you were to use willpower only. If you listen to the wrong subliminals, you won’t reach any of the benefits. The best part is weight loss subliminals are actually straightforward to use, but it’s critical the affirmations resonate with your weight loss goals and desires. You could lose more weight and stick to an exercise plan longer by listening to subliminal messages at night. Subliminals can make weight loss easier because they target your thoughts, behaviours, habits and emotions about food and exercise. With that said, do weight loss subliminals actually work? If you believe in them, they could definitely work for you. Even though that isn’t exactly true, subliminal can massively help you reprogram your bad eating and exercise habits, eventually encouraging you towards weight loss. How can I download songs from the album No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind ?Īll songs from No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind can be downloaded on JioSaavn App.Weight loss subliminal messages are very popular because they promise to make losing weight effortless without you even trying hard. The total playtime duration of No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind is 1:11:43 minutes. What is the playtime duration of the album No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind ? No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind is composed by Subliminal Threshold Affirmations. Who is the music director of No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind ? No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind is a english language album released in 2014. FAQs for No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind When was No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind released ? ![]() ![]() Listen to all of No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind online on JioSaavn. The songs were composed by Subliminal Threshold Affirmations, a talented musician. There are a total of 6 songs in No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind. No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind is and English album released in 2014. About No Effort Weight Loss: Quickly Lose Pounds Subliminal Affirmations & Guided Meditation Hypnosis with Relaxing Music & Nature Sounds Awake or Sleep Brain Mind 11/20/2023 0 Comments Traktor kontrol x1 tsi![]() You get the controller and a cable plus the usual paperwork with serials etc., plus some stickers in the bottom of the box. ![]() Taking this out of the box, it’s clear that owners of original X1 will be familiar with the layout apart from a few changes as you’ll see a bit later in the review. This version of the X1 took on board feedback from the first one released way back in 2010, adding and taking away things to help workflow. Combined with the Z1 or Z2, you are ready to go without any fiddling. With version 2.6.3 of the software, the device is literally plug n play. The 2013 Kontrol X1 (hereby known simply as ‘the X1’) is Native Instruments’ integrated hardware to control (Kontrol?) two decks and two effects units within their Traktor Pro 2 and Traktor Scratch Pro 2 software. So, How does this new version stack up? Here’s how… In a Nutshell It was also championed by DJs from a wide spectrum of music and DJ-style, from Techno don Richie Hawtin, scratch master DJ Craze and house legend Pete Tong (who famously received a special edition white pair from Dubfire for his 50th), showing off the breadth of its application. The original has been hugely successful, finding a home in many setups whether using Native Instruments’ Traktor software or straight up MIDI elsewhere. It’s an incremental release of the original X1, with a tweaked layout and a few new bits. Let’s get one thing straight from the off… this unit is a MK2. We want to make sure to offer the most desired remapping functions in this very user friendly way for customization.Link: Traktor Kontrol X1 - Price: $199/€189/£169 Introduction This preference page will be growing over time based on community feedback. Better orient yourself with your setup by easily changing colors of buttons with different functionalities. Whether you want a monochrome look for your controller or you want your effect buttons to be lime or your hot cues to plum purple, you have options to give your controller a completely unique look that syncs with your workflow. This new customizable system also lets you set button color defaults so you can switch through multiple color options. Whether you’d like to use the X1 as a mixer or explore different presets, you can use the portable DJ controller the way you want to. The X1 MK3 comes with a customization page which allows for adjustments of the X1 mapping via easy-to-use drop downs which offer a pre-selection of controls for specific areas of the X1. ![]() We listened to your feedback about wanting to customize controller mappings. Use the X1 MK3 the way you want to with new customization options
11/20/2023 0 Comments Geissele mlok rails![]() There have been multiple very long threads that have been deleted, lots of blocking people who speak out about issues on social media, things like that. The company likes to slap super precision on everything yet when they release poor machining or finishes, Bill says "mil-spec, suck it up, at least it isn't Colt!" There were multiple flat out lies about shipping times over the holidays during the Black Friday Fiasco. They're overpriced, a lot of the marketing has been hype and deception-things like "we have a few MK16s left over from contracts that we'll sell as a super limited run" yet somehow they had them EVERY HOLIDAY SALE, and then they became a standard item, and I'm pretty sure they didn't get picked up for renewal on the contract. I have a Geissele rail and I'll not be buying anymore. The MK18 has a flat bottom for adapting I think tripods to. The Mk16 was made for the URGI contract and is 7 sides of MLOK. The 13 has rail at the end (I don't see it on their site anymore) and the 14 is all MLOK. The MK13 and MK14 are similar but skinnier and rounder. The 4 has short rail sections built in, the 8 is all MLOK. The MK4 and MK8 are wider and more + shaped. You can make all the difference in someone's life. Suicide Prevention Lifeline Website or call them at 1-80įor international help please visit 's Hotline Finder to get in touch with the assistance available to you in your country. Don't let yourself or another fall to suicide. There are many resources available for veterans and civilians alike. If you or someone you know is considering suicide please help them. Suicide is a serious problem all around the world. Keep weapons out of the reach of children, criminals, and other prohibited persons - it is your responsibility to protect your firearms!.Alcohol, legal and illegal drugs, and firearms are never a good combination.Only use the ammunition type stamped on the barrel or listed in the user manual.Ensure the weapon is safe to fire, a gunsmith is cheaper than a hospital visit.Keep your finger straight and off the trigger until ready to shoot.Never point a firearm at anything you're not willing to destroy.Treat all firearm as if it were loaded.r/Firearms users can't read apparently.Įveryone is a Range Safety Officer, if it seems unsafe call it for a cease fire! If you're a vendor, don't make posts that are glorified ads for a product and ghost. Given recent events, we don't want to run any risks with this community. Please avoid linking to any third-party vendors.To include the solicitation or facilitation of any transaction or gift involving 3D printing files to produce firearms. Politics and News posts require moderator pre-approval and are limited to legislation with direct impact on the AR15 platform.Don't just show us your build, tell us about it. Images, videos, and links require a descriptive comment.All posts and comments are to be civil.Where you can find DIY, FAQ, and more! Subreddit Rules The Geissele MK14 Super Modular rail is finished in a durable and long lasting Type 3 Hardcoat Anodized available in either Black or Geissele’s DDC finish.Welcome to /r/AR15! Here for your favorite black gun links, build photos, questions and other tactical or practical info. Utilizing Magpul’s M-LOK technology in the 3, 6, and 9 o’clock positions allow the end user full customization and modularity of their rifle to securely mount lights, bipods and other firearm accessories. The MK14 is 3d precision machined using 6061-T6 Aluminum due to its strong, rigid and lightweight properties. The long surface contact of the 2.25” barrel nut interfaces with the receiver creating a platform that can be trusted to be straight and true the entire length of the free float rail. Included with the MK14 Super Modular Rail is an updated version of the proven Geissele Barrel Nut design, not only providing ease of installation but superior rigidity. The new handguard design offers a smaller diameter and overall height to create a slimmer package. The MK14 is the latest entry to the Geissele line up of Super Modular Rails. Description Geissele Automatics, MK14 Super Modular Rail M-LOK 13.5″ Desert Dirt SUPER MODULAR RAIL MK14 M-LOK FULL DESCRIPTION 11/20/2023 0 Comments Best apps for brain exerciseShe suggests using the app right before a stressful event, but 10 minutes a day will help build more enduring positive effects. “The habit of thinking about the world in a more positive light - like looking for a silver lining in a bad situation - is one of the key ways we can promote our own resilience in the face of adversity,” says Dennis.Įven a single session of play can build resilience over several hours. This game, developed by Dennis and researchers from Hunter College and the City University of New York, reduces anxiety by training your brain to focus more on the positive and less on the negative. Players follow two animated characters, one of which looks calm and friendly while the other looks angry, as they burrow through a field of rustling grass. (Free for four games or full subscription for $13 a month or $120 available for iOS)ĭailyBurn: A beginner’s guide to meditation Developers found that users saw improvement by spending at least 20 minutes, two to three times a week, playing the games. Competitive players can challenge friends, too.Īfter an initial quiz, the app adapts each game’s difficulty to your profile and gives you recommendations based on your results. Users can track progress and access insights about overall brain health. Improve cognitive abilities, such as memory and concentration, with sleek, fun and addictive games designed by neuroscientists. (Free for limited access, upgrade for $15 a month or $80 a year available for iOS) Developers say just one session a day can improve mental skills and users can track progress and compare performance with others. The games are played against the clock and change every time. This popular app is split into sessions of three games tailored to your goals: memory, attention, problem solving, processing speed or flexibility of thinking. While you’re not going to notice any drastic transformation, it’s worth giving one of these apps a try, since engaging in various types of new and cognitively demanding tasks is good for the brain (plus, it’s fun!). Keep in mind that most games are designed for people who are reasonably healthy, not for those with mental disorders, and are no replacement for a mental health professional. Most of the below selections are based on established treatments that have been extensively studied and validated by independent research sources.įor the most part, brain apps can’t make you smarter or happier, but they can help you perform certain tasks better or have more control over your emotional state. The goal here after all is to train your brain, not just play video games. They may be fun to play, but how many of them actually work? New brainteaser apps show up every day in mobile app stores with claims to improve memory, increase I.Q., or enhance other cognitive skills. “The more you do something, the more available that pathway is, so you may be able to use your brain resources more effectively.” “When you do things in the world, you lay down new neural pathways,” says Dennis. In short, playing computer games for a few minutes a day can literally change your mind. Don’t think your flaky memory or scatterbrain can be restored? Studies are mixed, since this technology is in the early stages of development.īut a 2012 systematic review that analyzed 151 computerized training studies published between 19, found that certain training tasks had a big effect on working memory, processing speed and brain function. ![]() These days, hundreds of brain-training apps claim to put the “smart” in smartphone and guarantee cognitive improvement with minimal daily use. Keeping your mind active is as important as physical exercise and these apps can help you stay fit mentally.” “There are also studies that show that people who engage in these video games are less likely to develop brain plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease. ![]() “We know that apps like Lumosity can improve memory, problem solving skills and processing speed, especially in older adults,” says Kaslow. Then there are apps that don’t directly target mental health, but aim to increase cognitive functioning. DailyBurn: Train your brain to be a better athlete 11/20/2023 0 Comments Swai fish near me![]() A lesson to amateur freshwater aquarists is to do homework before purchasing any fish. The recommended tank size is 40 feet which are as large as most people’s homes. Fish kept in tanks that are too small will die from organ failure due to insufficient resources to mature. The fish have very poor eyesight and will see any sudden movements as a threat.Īs a result, they will dart rapidly, seeking protection, and injury often results in smaller tanks as the Swai will swim into the sides of the tank or other objects unknowingly. They will often eat other fish kept in the tank with them as they continue to grow. But the fish that continue to grow into adulthood are quickly discarded. The fish is susceptible to stress-related diseases when the tank is too small. There it will survive perhaps a year if its growth is stunted because of its environment. And the poor fish gets sold and put in a 20-gallon aquarium. The dealer is often anxious for a quick sale. All too commonly, novice aquarium enthusiasts will purchase these fish without researching their physical qualities. The problems arise when these juveniles as small as 3 or 4 inches grow to be four-foot “tank busters” and weigh nearly 100 pounds. However, they are often sold as juveniles in pet stores and aquarium hobby stores as juveniles. The Swai Fish is often found in commercial aquariums and zoos worldwide because of their appearance and resemblance to a shark. Aqua farmers breed the Swai Fish in muddy freshwater ponds and deliver them worldwide. The fish are easily bred and is a large food provider in the region and across Asia. In the southern regions, they migrate to the deeper waters from October to February and are found again in shallow waters in the spring. In the northern regions, they travel to the flooded waters from May to July and return to the shallow waters from September to December. Geography seems to play a role in their migratory patterns. ![]() As the monsoon season ends, the fish migrate to the more shallow waters downstream to rear their young. The Swai is a migratory fish that swims upstream during monsoon season to breed in the floodwaters. They are found in the Mekong River and Chao Phraya River and prefer the deep waters of large rivers. They are freshwater fish and prefer the warm, tropical climate in Asia. The Swai Fish is found naturally in Vietnam and the Mekong basin. In addition to the iridescence, the juveniles usually have a stripe just above the midline that generally disappears in their adult years. They are omnivores and will eat other fish, crustaceans, and different types of water plants. It can grow up to four feet in length and weigh up to nearly 100 pounds. ![]() As a juvenile, the Swai Fish radiates a glow from the edges of its fins, thus giving it the name Iridescent Shark. ![]() It can be found on the market as Swai Fish and shark catfish. The Iridescent Shark is not really a shark but gets its name because it resembles one in appearance. Whether to be kept in an aquarium or eaten at the dinner table, the Swai Fish has opposing viewpoints. However, it seems to create a bit of controversy in what contexts it appears. The Swai Fish, or Iridescent Shark, is a fish that is typically farmed in Asia. 11/20/2023 0 Comments Theme song to tank force![]() It was basically keeping the arrangement of the original Jupiter-6 synth variant of the full or extended "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends" theme song from the soundtrack of seasons 1 through 7, with new Proteus-2 instruments cleverly layered or added over the original synth TV theme, making it a full or extended Jupiter/Proteus opening/closing theme song from season 3. So, this is what an original new Jupiter/Proteus season 3 remix of this opening/closing theme looks like. The punchy bass line makes a huge difference. I really like the Season 3 style now please make the Original Version Comment by □□□Rose Spookpreme□□□īrilliant work, my guy! Will there be some standalone shortened intro version as well? Comment by Chris Majka Wow! So, this is what the series 3-7 intro would've sounded like. I wonder what Bill and Ben's theme would sound like in the style of Seasons 4-5? Comment by Robbie Shaw No. Description- The meme is strong in this one I hope you like, comment, SUBSCRIBE, and ultimately enjoy this video I feel like I should give my many thanks. It was composed in June 1933 by Oberleutnant Kurt Wiehle while on his way to Knigsbrck. Nice work mate! Can you recreate the original version of the theme as it was originally done please? Comment by Boyd the Pink Engine 2007's Music StudioĪlso, I've been thinking. 'The Panzerlied is one of the best-known Wehrmacht songs. SA can you do tom macdonalds song best rapper ever but a thomas remix pls Comment by nevs wood railway Still kept the Jupiter for the whistle though layered with the DX7 Calliope patch for texture. The Prophet Horns come in so handy for the iconic 'Closing' section. I wanted to make it feel like S3 by using the xylophone on the lead and keeping the arrangement faithful to the original. They were going to redo the theme song with new instrumentation, which is understandable but the original still bangs undeniably. This is kinda inspired by Mike's new mix of the theme, Thomas' Anthem and Isaiah's fantastic rendition. This is based on an idea that Mike ODonnell had when they were going to do Series 3. ![]() ![]() This is based on an idea that Mike O'Donnell had when they were going to do Series 3. 11/20/2023 0 Comments Sybron endo obturation![]() ![]() ![]() In cases where posterior teeth have lost a marginal ridge, cuspal coverage restorations are recommended this is carried out in order to prevent fracture 13 and thereby increases the possibility of tooth survival. The quality of this seal is of paramount importance as it has been shown that treatment outcomes can be significantly affected, 12 with better healing rates exhibited in teeth with satisfactory restorations. 11 This suggests that the provision of a suitable coronal seal at the earliest possible opportunity decreases the risk of coronal leakage. It has been demonstrated that, no matter how successfully obturation is carried out, root canals lacking a satisfactory coronal seal will leak within a short time of completion. Interestingly, however, its use in retreatment cases has been shown to have a positive effect on treatment outcome. While the use of EDTA has been recommended for the removal of the smear layer formed during debridement of the root canal 9 there is no existing evidence to support its use in primary root canal treatment. 8 However, if one cannot achieve a dry root canal system that is free from blood or exudate, then the suggested course of action would be to dress the tooth with an inter-appointment dressing. Obturation should only be carried out following thorough chemo-mechanical debridement of the root canal system 7 and, if the root canal system is dry and time permits, obturating at the same visit is recommended. The timing involved with obturation raises the issue of single versus multiple visit treatment. Prevent periapical or periodontal fluids percolating into the root canals and feeding microorganismsĮntomb any residual microorganisms that have survived the debridement and disinfection stages of treatment, in order to prevent their proliferation and pathogenicity. Prevent coronal leakage of microorganisms or potential nutrients to support their growth into the dead space of the root canal system The establishment of a well obturated system would serve three main functions: 6 While a perfect airtight or hermatic seal is unachievable in reality, every effort should be made to reach this target. The aim of obturation is to establish a fluid-tight barrier with the aim of protecting the periradicular tissues from microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. However, it is important to recognise that the responsibility does not end here the coronal seal forms an integral part of endodontic treatment and therefore plays a vital role in the treatment's success. ![]() 2, 3 The obturation stage is carried out to fill the root canal 4 in an attempt to provide a hermetic seal from the coronal orifice of the canal to the apical foramen at the cemento-dentinal junction. The removal of microorganisms is primarily achieved during the debridement and disinfection stages of treatment. 1 The elimination of microorganisms and their by-products is, therefore, the key to success. Since the seminal research by Kakehashi in 1965, the role of microorganisms and their by-products has been demonstrated countless times as the main causative factor in the aetiology of apical periodontitis. When the pulp is rendered non–viable, root canal treatment attempts to fulfil its aim by debridement, disinfection and obturation of the root canal system. The ultimate biologic aim of root canal treatment is the prevention or cure of apical periodontitis. |
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